Layer-1 and Layer-2 devices forward bits and frames with increasing intelligence: repeaters regenerate signals, hubs blindly repeat to all ports, bridges filter by MAC, switches microsegment and learn MAC tables, routers forward by IP between networks.
Evolution of connectivity devices
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Repeater
L1 regenerate
🔆
Hub
Multi-port repeater
🌉
Bridge
MAC filter
🔀
Switch
L2 forwarding
🧭
Router
L3 IP routing
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