Iterator is a behavioral pattern that lets you traverse elements of a collection without exposing its underlying representation — whether it's an array, linked list, tree, or graph. You provide a uniform traversal interface regardless of the internal data structure. Java's for-each loop is the most visible manifestation: it works the same way on an ArrayList, a LinkedList, a TreeSet, or your own custom collection.
ℹ️Core idea: extract the traversal behavior of a collection into a separate Iterator object. The collection doesn't need to expose its internals; the iterator holds all traversal state (current position, how to advance).
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