State is a behavioral pattern that lets an object alter its behavior when its internal state changes. The object will appear to change its class. Instead of sprawling if/switch blocks that check a state variable and branch behavior, each state is encapsulated in its own class. The context delegates behavior to the current state object — swapping it out when a transition occurs. Think of a traffic light: the same 'advance' action produces a completely different outcome depending on whether the current state is Red, Green, or Yellow.
ℹ️Core idea: replace state-based conditionals with a family of State objects. The Context holds a reference to the current State and delegates all state-dependent behavior to it. Transitions happen by replacing the State object.
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