DHCP automates IPv4/IPv6 configuration: clients broadcast DISCOVER on the local link; servers OFFER addresses; client REQUESTs one; server ACKs with lease time, gateway, DNS, and options. DHCP relay (iphelper) forwards between VLANs when server is central.
DORA (IPv4)
📣
DISCOVER
Client broadcast
→
💌
OFFER
IP + lease from server
→
✋
REQUEST
Accept + inform others
→
✅
ACK
Lease confirmed
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