TLS provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication on top of TCP. The handshake negotiates cipher suites, exchanges keys (often ECDHE for forward secrecy), and verifies the server certificate chain against trusted roots. TLS 1.3 removes obsolete algorithms and cuts round trips.
TLS 1.2+ full handshake (simplified)
👋
ClientHello
ciphers, key shares
→
📜
ServerHello + cert
Prove identity
→
🔑
Key exchange
ECDHE + Finished
→
🔒
App data
AEAD records
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