Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) addresses a stronger adversary model than crash failures. A Byzantine fault means a node can behave arbitrarily: sending conflicting messages, refusing to respond, or trying to confuse other replicas. BFT consensus protocols aim to achieve safety (no two correct nodes finalize different histories) and liveness (progress continues) even when up to f nodes are Byzantine.

Quorums and the 3f+1 rule
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