Proof of Stake (PoS) replaces the ‘compute puzzle’ resource with economic risk. Validators lock (stake) tokens and produce cryptographic votes (e.g., attestations). Their ability to propose or vote depends on stake, and misbehavior is penalized by slashing: losing part of the locked value. Therefore, producing an alternative history has an economic cost in addition to protocol cost.

Terminology: validator, stake, attestations
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